Investigation of the removal mechanism of antibiotic ceftazidime by green algae and subsequent microbic impact assessment.

The present study provides an integrated view of algal removal of the antibiotic ceftazidime and its basic parent structure 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), including contribution analysis, bacteriostatic and aquatic toxic assessment and metabolite verification. 92.70% and 96.07% of the two target compounds was removed after the algal treatment, respectively. The algal removal can be separated into three steps: a rapid adsorption, a slow cell wall-transmission and the final biodegradation. Additionally, while ceftazidime demonstrated an excellent inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, there was no bacteriostasis introduced after the algal treatment, which could avoid favoring the harmful selective pressure. On the other hand, no significant aquatic impact of the two target compounds on rotifers was observed and it was not enhanced after the algal treatment. To better reveal the mechanism involved, metabolite analyses were performed. Δ-3 ceftazidime and trans-ceftazidime were regarded as the metabolites of ceftazidime and the metabolite of 7-ACA was regarded as a compound which shared the similar structure with 4-chlorocinnamic acid. Our study indicated that the green algae performed a satisfactory growth capacity and played a dominant role for the biodegradation of the target antibiotics, which achieved high removal efficiency and low environmental impact.

Isolation, enumeration, molecular identification and probiotic potential evaluation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from sheep milk

Lactic acid bacteria species were molecularly identified in milk from Lacaune, Santa Inês and crossbred sheep breeds and their in vitro probiotic potential was evaluated. The species identified were Enterococcus faecium (56.25%), E. durans (31.25%) and E. casseliflavus (12.5%). No other lactic acid bacteria species, such as lactobacilli, was identified. Most of the isolated enterococci were resistant to gastric pH (2.0) and to 0.3% oxgall. All tested enterococci were resistant to ceftazidime, oxacillin and streptomycin and sensible to clindamycin, erythromycin and penicillin. The resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline and vancomycin varied among tested species. All tested enterococci strongly inhibited (P<0.05) Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, moderately inhibited E. faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and did not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium and also one E. durans sample isolated from sheep milk. Four samples of E. faecium, one of E. durans and one of E. casseliflavus presented the best probiotic potential...

Espécies de bactérias ácido-lácticas foram identificadas em nível molecular em leite das raças ovinas Lacaune, Santa Inês e suas mestiças, e o seu potencial probiótico in vitro foi avaliado. As espécies identificadas foram Enterococcus faecium (56,25%), E. durans (31,25%) e E. casseliflavus (12,5%). Nenhuma outra espécie de bactéria ácido-láctica, como Lactobacillus sp., foi identificada. A maioria dos enterococos isolados foi resistente ao pH gástrico (2.0) e a 0,3% de oxgall. Todos os enterococos testados foram resistentes à ceftazidima, oxacilina e estreptomicina e sensíveis à clindamicina, eritromicina e penicilina. A resistência à ciprofloxacina, gentamicina, tetraciclina e vancomicina variou entre as amostras. Todos os enterococos testados inibiram fortemente (P<0,05) Escherichia coli e Listeria monocytogenes, inibiram moderadamente E. faecalis e Staphylococcus aureus e não inibiram Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium e uma amostra de E. durans isolada de leite de ovelha. Quatro amostras de E. faecium, uma de E. durans e uma de E. casseliflavus apresentaram o melhor potencial probiótico...

Imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carrying the ISAba1-bla OXA-23, 51 and ISAba1-bla ADC-7 genes in Monteria, Colombia

The purpose of this study was to identify the genes coding for resistance to ceftazidime and imipenem and describe the molecular epidemiology of A. baumannii strains isolated from a clinical center in Colombia. Twenty isolates of imipenem-resistant A. baumannii from an equal number of patients with nosocomial infections were obtained. Primers were used to amplify genes bla IMP, bla VIM, bla OXA-23, bla OXA-24, bla OXA-58, bla OXA-51 and bla ADC-7. To detect insertion sequences ISAba1/bla OXA-23, ISAba1/bla OXA-51 and ISAba1/bla ADC-7, mapping by PCR using combinations of reverse primers ISAba1 and reverse primers of bla OXA-23, bla OXA-51 and bla ADC-7 were used. The amplification products were purified and cloned into PCR 2.1-TOPO vector and transformed into chemically competent Escherichia coli TOP10. These amplicons were then sequenced. PFGE was performed on DNA of A. baumannii isolates digested with ApaI. Results. The DNA profiles obtained included 9 clusters with, four 2-7 isolates per profile, and 5 single-isolate profiles. Of the 20 isolates resistant to imipenem, 15 carried bla OXA-23 gene, 4 contained ISAba1 upstream of bla OXA-51 gene, and 6 contained ISAba1 upstream of bla OXA-23 gene. Eighteen of these isolates carried the bla ADC-7 gene, with 9 of the isolates having ISAba1 located upstream of this gene. This is the first report of the ISAba1 /ADC-7 associated with OXAs genes in A. baumannii isolates from Colombia.

Resistencia antimicrobiana en aislados clínicos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Antimicrobial resistance in clinical patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa es un microorganismo oportunista frecuentemente implicado en infecciones de origen nosocomial que presenta resistencia natural y adquirida a muchos de los antimicrobianos de uso clínico. Se llevo a cabo un estudio de resistencias a antimicrobianos de 3.029 aislamientos de P. aeruginosa de enfermos intra y extrahospitalarios en el periodo 2005-2010. La metodología utilizada fue, el método semiautomatizado WIDER I (Soria Melguizo), para la identificación de las especies y para el estudio de sensibilidades a antimicrobianos. Se consideraron los criterios de sensibilidad y resistencia recomendados por el grupo MENSURA. En nuestro hospital existe un mantenimiento relativo de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de P. aeruginosa en el periodo 2005-2010, con un aumento de esta en amikacina, gentamicina y cefalosporinas. Existen diferencias de porcentajes de sensibilidades entre las cepas de origen intrahospitalario y extrahospitalario, salvo para fosfomicina y tobramicina. Destacamos la importancia de realizar estudios locales de la sensibilidad y resistencias de P. aeruginosa en cada zona, de forma periódica para poder valorar las diferentes pautas terapéuticas, no siendo posible extrapolar los datos de las diferentes regiones españolas(AU)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic microorganism that is frequently the cause of nosocomial infections. Multiple mechanisms are involved in its natural and acquired resistance to many of the antimicrobial agents commonly used in clinical practice. We performed an antibiotic resistance study on P. aeruginosa isolated from intrahospitalary and extrahospitalary samples between 2005 and 2010 years. We included in the study a global amount of 3,029 P. aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples received at University Hospital Reina Sofia. Microbiology Service in Córdoba (Spain). Semiautomatic system WIDER I for strains identification and sensibility testing was employed. We considered susceptibility and resistance criteria recommended by MENSURA group. Results of the analysis showed that P. aeruginosa maintanied similar levels of antimicrobial susceptibility during the period 2005-2010, with increased susceptibility to amikacin, gentamicin and cefalosporins. There were also important differences in the degree of susceptibility between intrahospital and extrahospital strains during 2010 year, except for tobramicin and fosfomycin. The intrahospital difference in susceptibility was also evaluated, emphasizing the importance of periodically surveillance of susceptibility and resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa, in each setting in order to evaluate different therapeutic guidelines, because it is not always advisable to extrapolate data from different regions(AU)

Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamases, ampc beta lactamases and metallobetalactamases in clinical isolates of ceftazidime resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

We studied the prevalence of ceftazidime resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC) and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production among the ceftazidime resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A very high rate of MBL production was observed, which suggested it to be an important contributing factor for ceftazidime resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Valoración in vitro de discos para antibiogramas de producción nacional / In vitro assessment of discs for antibiograms of national production

Se realizó la valoración in vitro de discos de antibióticos para antibiogramas producidos por primera vez en nuestro país. Estos correspondieron a ceftriaxoma, cefotaxima, cefazolina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ciprofloxacina, vancomicina y oxacillín. Dicha valoración comprendió la actividad in vitro de los discos, así como la determinación del grado de estabilidad de éstos. Fueron utilizadas 911 cepas bacterianas, incluidas bacterias gammnegativas y grampositivas, aisladas en pacientes del hospital. Se determinó que la ciprofloxacina fue el antibiótico más efectivo de todos. De forma global los antibióticos probados tuvieron muy buena actividad inhibitoria frente a bacterias grampositivas y en menor grado frente a gramnegativas. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos usando discos de producción nacional de 4 antibióticos y sus similares de producción extranjera. La ceftriaxona y la ceftaxioma nacionales alcanzaron mejores resultados, en oxacillín los resultados fueron idénticos en ambos y sólo en ciprofloxacina los discos nacionales tuvieron resultados ligeramente inferiores. Se comprobó que los discos probados mantuvieron su potencia a lo largo del estudio y no sufrieron alteraciones en su estado físico(AU)

Valoración in vitro de discos para antibiogramas de producción nacional / In vitro assessment of discs for antibiograms of national production

Se realizó la valoración in vitro de discos de antibióticos para antibiogramas producidos por primera vez en nuestro país. Estos correspondieron a ceftriaxoma, cefotaxima, cefazolina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ciprofloxacina, vancomicina y oxacillín. Dicha valoración comprendió la actividad in vitro de los discos, así como la determinación del grado de estabilidad de éstos. Fueron utilizadas 911 cepas bacterianas, incluidas bacterias gammnegativas y grampositivas, aisladas en pacientes del hospital. Se determinó que la ciprofloxacina fue el antibiótico más efectivo de todos. De forma global los antibióticos probados tuvieron muy buena actividad inhibitoria frente a bacterias grampositivas y en menor grado frente a gramnegativas. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos usando discos de producción nacional de 4 antibióticos y sus similares de producción extranjera. La ceftriaxona y la ceftaxioma nacionales alcanzaron mejores resultados, en oxacillín los resultados fueron idénticos en ambos y sólo en ciprofloxacina los discos nacionales tuvieron resultados ligeramente inferiores. Se comprobó que los discos probados mantuvieron su potencia a lo largo del estudio y no sufrieron alteraciones en su estado físico